![]() In order to uncover the mystery behind such a complex structure formation, we systematically changed the physicochemical conditions such as the evaporation rate of the aqueous solvent, the initial concentration of NaCl, and the surface condition of the solid glass, and observed the NaCl crystal structures. It is due to the structure formation occurring under far from equilibrium and, thus, the structure is not just a lowest energy structure, but is determined through the growth speed. Nevertheless, varieties of the complex structures are generated. These examples are a simple experimental setup that is just dry NaCl aqueous solution. The dendrite growth of a salt crystal surface, lifting up of the crystal with the evaporation of a NaCl aqueous solution, and an upward crystal growth on walls have been reported. In this paper, we focus on the dendrite structure of a sodium chloride (NaCl) crystal. ![]() The formation of these dendrite patterns is understood in terms of diffusion-limited aggregation and recently several works have succeeded in reproducing such pattern formations numerically. Other examples are dendrites such as copper dendrites and the electrochemical deposition of zinc. The structure of a snow flake can be explained by invoking the Mullins–Sekerka instability, that is, the grow speed depending on the curvature of the surface. The growth structure depends on the environmental physicochemical conditions. ![]() The most famous example is the snow flake which is a dendritic shape of ice. In the latter case, the shape of crystals can be dramatically different from those obtained at equilibrium. On the other hand, when crystals form under a far-from-equilibrium condition, their structure depends not only on the energy loss, but also on the dynamics of crystal growth. Equilibrium crystal structures are obtained by minimizing energy. The variety of crystalline structures reflects the molecular structures and types of chemical bonds.
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